• Emotional abuse
• The destruction of property
• Isolation from friends, family and other potential sources of support
• Threats to others including children
• Stalking
• Control over access to money, personal items, food, transportation and the telephone.
• Coercive control as defined in Section 39, Domestic Violence Act, 2018

There are many risks to children who live with domestic abuse. Some of these are outlined below:

• Direct physical or sexual abuse of the child or children.
• The child being abused as part of the abuse against the nonabusing parent.Being used as pawns or spies by the abusive partner in an attempt to control the non- abusive parent.
• Emotional abuse to the child from witnessing the abuse
• Physical injury to the child by being present when the violence occurs
• Hearing abusive verbal exchanges between adults in the household, including humiliation and threatened violence
• Observing bruises and injuries sustained by their parent
• Observing the abusive partner being removed and taken into Garda custody
• Witnessing their parent/carer being taken to hospital by ambulance
• Attempting to intervene in a violent assault
• Being unable or unwilling to invite friends to the house
• Frequent disruptions to social life and schooling because of moving house to flee violence or living in a refuge
• Hospitalisation of the non-abusing parent/carer.

Child Protection and Welfare Practice Handbook 2

In an Irish Context:

• 3,823 specific incidents of child abuse disclosed during contacts with direct services in 2016. These are incidents where the perpetrator was directly abusing the children of the relationship, as well as the mother.
• The kinds of abusive tactics used directly against children living in domestic abuse situations disclosed during contacts with direct services in 2016 include: o Theabusersmackingandhittingchildren(includingwithhouseholditems);
  o Theabuserphysicallyandsexuallyabusingchildren
  o Theabuserconstantlyshoutinginchildren’sfaces
  o Childrenwitnessingverbal,physical,andsexualabuseagainsttheirmother.
• There were 15,952 calls responded to by the Women’s Aid National Free Helpline in 2016, 550 of whom identified themselves as migrant women, traveller women and/or women with disabilities
• 96% of callers to the 24-hour National Freephone Helpline were women, whereas 4% of callers were men.
• Women who experience domestic abuse have, on average, experienced it 35 times before they ask for help, and then make between 5 and 12 different contacts in an effort to end the violence.

Child Protection and Welfare Practice Handbook 2